Which Windows file system is specifically designed for high availability and large volumes?

ReFS, or Resilient File System, is specifically designed to provide high availability and support for large volumes, making it an ideal choice for modern computing environments where data integrity and reliability are paramount. ReFS was created to address the limitations of the older file systems like NTFS, particularly in scenarios requiring robust data protection and fault tolerance. It includes features such as integrity checks, auto-healing, and storage pooling, which enhance its ability to recover from corruption and improve data resilience.

In the context of large volumes, ReFS can handle storage spaces much larger than FAT32, FAT, or even exFAT can manage, which are more tailored for simpler and smaller storage solutions. For enterprise-level applications and data centers that require continuous availability and disaster recovery capabilities, ReFS stands out by effectively managing vast amounts of data while ensuring high performance and stability. This focus on large-scale data management and resilience to faults is why ReFS is recognized as the file system that meets the requirements stated in the question.