Which of the following ensures that no unauthorized changes are made to files?

The concept that ensures no unauthorized changes are made to files is integrity. Integrity in the context of information security refers to the accuracy and trustworthiness of data. It involves protecting data from being altered in an unauthorized manner, thereby ensuring that the information remains consistent, accurate, and reliable. This is crucial for maintaining the validity of data during storage and transmission.

For example, integrity can be enforced through measures such as checksums, hashes, and digital signatures which verify that the data has not been modified. When integrity is compromised, it can lead to unauthorized alterations that may mislead users or result in significant operational failures.

In contrast, confidentiality pertains to ensuring that sensitive information is not disclosed to unauthorized individuals, which does not directly address the issue of unauthorized changes to files. Availability refers to ensuring that information and resources are accessible to authorized users when needed, and resilience is generally about the ability of systems to recover from failures or attacks. While all these concepts are important in the realm of information security, integrity is specifically focused on safeguarding data from unauthorized modifications.